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Periodic table funcdations

1 THE PERIODIC TABLE

2 OUTLINE History of Periodic Table Periodic Table Organization
Group/FamilyRepresentative ElementsTransition ElementsInner Transition ElementsTypes of ElementsMetalsNonmetalsMetalloids

3 HISTORY OF PERIODIC TABLE
By the Mid-1800s, there were 65 known elements.Scientists began to recognize patterns after recording information such as:chemical reactivity (ex: bonding patterns)physical properties (ex: state of matter, mass)

4 HISTORY . . . DMITRI MENDELEEV (1834-1907) Why “PERIODIC”?
Wrote out elements in order of increasing ATOMIC MASS, and ended up with a table!Now organized according to:ATOMIC NUMBERNUMBER OF ELECTRONSWhy “PERIODIC”?Periodic means repeating patterns and properties.

5 PERIODIC TABLE ORGANIZATION
The periodic table is arranged in rows and columns.PERIODHorizontal rows on table7 in totalAtomic Mass and Atomic Number increase from LEFT TO RIGHT

6 ORGANIZATION . . . GROUP Also known as FAMILY
Vertical columns on tableElements of the same group have similar but not identical properties.There are two number systems for groups:CURRENT: 1-18OLD: ROMAN NUMERALSIA – VIIIAIB - VIIIB

7 ORGANIZATION . . . GROUP 1 – Alkali Metals LINK
Soft, silver, react violently with waterGROUP 2 – Alkaline Earth MetalsShiny, silver, light, reactiveGROUP 17 – HalogensExtremely reactive, poisonousGROUP 18 – Noble GasesINERT  Not reactive under normal laboratory conditions

8 ORGANIZATION

9 Organization . . . REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS AKA Group A elements
Groups IA-VIIIA, or 1, 2, 13-18These elements illustrate the ENTIRE RANGE OF PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS.

10 ORGANIZATION . . . TRANSITION ELEMENTS AKA Group B elements
Group IB-VIIIB, or the “lower” groupsMetallic elements that exhibit some different properties due to their electron arrangements.

11 ORGANIZATION . . . INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Removed from the main table as a matter of convenience in organizing tableTwo names:57-71  LANTHANIDES (rare earth) ACTINIDES (radioactive)

12 METALS TYPES OF ELEMENTS Nonmetals Metalloids H He Li Be B C N O F Ne
1 He 2 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6NonmetalsN 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4METALSRb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5MetalloidsCs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 6 * Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf104Db105Sg106Bh107Hs108Mt1097 W La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm100Md101No102Lr103

13 TYPES OF ELEMENTSThere are three types of elements on the periodic table:MetalsNonmetalsMetalloidsThe STAIRCASE LINE on the periodic table divides the METALS and the NONMETALS.The ratio of metals to nonmetals is about 4:1.

14 METALSSubstances found on the Left Hand Side of the staircase on the periodic table.Physical properties include:ShinySolids at room temperature (except Hg)Good conductors of electricityDuctile (can be stretched into wire)Malleable (can be hammered in shapes)

15 NON-METALSSubstances found on the Right Hand Side of the staircase on the periodic table.Physical properties include:DullBrittleS, L, or G at room temperaturePoor conductors/good insulators

16 METALLOIDS AKA semi-metals
Substances that are found ON the staircase on the periodic table.Have properties of BOTH metals and nonmetals.In general,Hard, but sometimes brittleSolidHigh melting pointsWeak (or not at all) conductors of electricity

17 HYDROGEN The “rebel” of the periodic table!
It does not really “belong” anywhere.Hydrogen is usually located on the top left hand corner of the table, even though it has both metallic and nonmetallic properties.

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TIP TO LEARN ENGLISH # 2

ENGLISH GRAMMAR, TIPS FOR LEARNING ENGLISH AND ENGLISH LITERATURE


Practical recipe to learn English, here are some tips

How to learn English watching TV?

The television can enhance the learning because it offers one way to pick up conversational English skills and new words. With the TV cable, you have an opportunity to watch the same program more than once so you can watch it in English, Spanish and with or without the closed caption (CC). You could be able to watch a program understanding everything without realizing the language you are watching it.

How to take advantage of the resources provided by internet to learn and improve English?

Why not take a minute to appreciate the Internet and all the good things it has done? It has made us smarter by giving us instant access to a world of information. It has also been interconnected and has provided us with an entertaining number of contents. And yes, the Internet can make us less productive by consuming much of our lives, but those who rejected many videos and sites of interest or social networks. But it has also saved us a lot of time when making online purchases and possible online bank payment. But let's talk about what interests us most, the Internet is also full of very useful and didactic resources to learn English, there you will find thousands of videos, free learning web, exercises to solve and tests of English knowledge to measure our ability in English. . It's super, do not you think?. 

How important is reading to learn or improve English? How many texts should we read each day to have a positive effect?

Reading can definitely improve English. Make sure you read books that interest you and are at a level you will understand most of the words. If you are a beginner, children's books are a great start as they come with the level written on them.

Go to a library or book store where you can find English books for children and take a look at them to see which level you feel comfortable reading, but still have some challenge of new words.

It is suggested that you read a book all the way through and then, go back and read it again taking note of every new expression and word, and even any new sentence construction you're not very familiar with. Have a notebook just for that and label it in alphabetical order as much as possible for further reference.

Does it help improve English, exchange language or speak with speakers of the language?

Through the exchange of languages, you can practice the construction of language and text, which leads you to improve your fluency and writing. This requires constant discipline and willingness, memorization of new words and phrases. To do this, ask the native or bilingual person who shares the language about native expressions new words you are interested in learning, practice the vocabulary as many times as you can. It is necessary to memorize and pronounce it correctly in order to get a good fluency on new vocabulary, so it is recommended to put into practice everything learned in each virtual encounter with your partner.

The benefits of the exchange, even with a non-native speaker, are very useful as you learn English naturally and spontaneously, you can discuss different topics and expand your knowledge in the English language.

It is important that before starting the language exchange, discuss your goals and intentions with your partner. Remember, he / she also wants to learn and be corrected. Corrections between partners are recommended during language exchanges, so many of your mistakes will not go unnoticed.

The person who will help you on your English trip can reinforce his/her own knowledge while teaching and practice language skills, teaching is learning, it is very likely that you will also make mistakes, but you and your partner will be there to correct and help each other.

TIP TO LEARN ENGLISH # 1

THE ANSWER IS IN THE QUESTION

When someone asks you a question, start by thinking about the words used in the question. The person has already said most of the words you need to make your answer.

Does he…..? Yes, he does.

Can she….? Yes, she can.

Is it….? Yes, it is.

Did you….? No, I did not. 

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